Why do Some Countries Produce So Much More Output Per Worker than Others?
从核算角度分析各国人均产出差异，发现物质资本和教育只能部分解释差异，索洛余值差异很大；进一步指出资本积累和生产率差异由制度与政府政策（社会基础设施）驱动，并探讨其内生性。
Output per worker varies enormously across countries. Why? On an accounting basis our analysis shows that differences in physical capital and educational attainment can only partially explain the variation in output per worker—we find a large amount of variation in the level of the Solow residual across countries. At a deeper level, we document that the differences in capital accumulation, productivity, and therefore output per worker are driven by differences in institutions and government policies, which we call social infrastructure. We treat social infrastructure as endogenous, determined historically by location and other factors captured in part by language.