Do People Mean What They Say? Implications for Subjective Survey Data
研究主观调查数据的可靠性，发现测量误差与个体特征相关，不宜作为因变量，但可作为解释变量用于分析行为差异，不过答案变化无法解释行为变化。
Four main messages emerge from the study of subjective survey data. First, a large experimental literature by and large supports economists' skepticism of subjective questions. Second, put in an econometric framework, these findings cast serious doubts on attempts to use subjective data as dependent variables, because the measurement error appears to correlate with a large set of characteristics in behaviors. Third, these data may be useful as explanatory variables. Finally, the empirical work suggests that subjective variables are useful in practice for explaining differences in behavior across individuals. Changes in answers to these questions, however, do not appear useful in explaining changes in behavior.