Multivariate extremes, aggregation and risk estimation
介绍了多元极值理论的基本事实和新结果，发现高频数据能显著改善金融市场极端波动估计的精度，并分析了预期亏损和风险价值的时间尺度缩放规律。
We briefly introduce some basic facts about multivariate extreme value theory and present some new results regarding finite aggregates and multivariate extreme value distributions. Based on our results high-frequency data can considerably improve the quality of estimates of extreme movements in financial markets. Secondly, we present an empirical exploration of what the tails really look like for four foreign exchange rates sampled at varying frequencies. Both temporal and spatial dependence is considered. In particular we estimate the spectral measure, which along with the tail index, completely determines the extreme value distribution. Lastly, we apply our results to the problem of portfolio optimization or risk minimization. We analyse how the expected shortfall and value-at-risk scale with the time horizon and find that this scaling is not by a factor of the square root of time as is frequently used, but by a different power of time. We show that the accuracy of risk estimation can be drastically improved by using hourly or bihourly data.