African American Intergenerational Economic Mobility since 1880
利用1880年至2000年的新历史数据，发现黑人儿童在每一代中摆脱收入底层的概率远低于白人儿童，且这一流动性差距比父母经济地位的初始差距更能解释种族收入差距。
We document the intergenerational mobility of Black and White American men from 1880 through 2000 by building new historical datasets for the late nineteenth and early twentieth century and combining them with modern data to cover the middle and late twentieth century. We find large disparities in mobility, with White children having far better chances of escaping the bottom of the distribution than Black children in every generation. This mobility gap was more important in proximately determining each generation's racial gap than was the initial gap in parents' economic status.