Labor Mobility from Academe to Commerce
研究顶尖学术科学家向企业流动的决定因素，发现科学家质量、外部合作、本地企业及企业内科学家生产率促进流动，而本地顶尖大学则抑制流动。
Breakthroughs with natural excludability are transferred to industry by top academic scientists (stars) working in or with firms. Movement to firms depends on scientists' quality, moving costs, and reservation wage. Scientists' quality, moving costs, trial frequency, interfering academic offers, and productivity of stars already in firms determine reservation wage. In group-duration analysis for biotechnology, stars move to firms faster as their quality, human focus, and outside coauthorships increase; local firms and productivity of local stars in firms increase; and top local universities decrease. Stars move to firms full or part time similarly, but significance drops for rarer full-time moves.