Note—Commonality Strategies: Value Drivers and Equivalence with Flexible Capacity and Inventory Substitution
证明双产品通用性策略可简化为无专用组件的替代柔性问题，给出通用性采用的一般闭式条件，并揭示其价值驱动因素，包括独立于风险汇聚的收益最大化选项。
Commonality strategies assemble different products from at least one common component and one other product-specific component. The distinguishing feature of commonality, i.e., the presence of dedicated components to be assembled with a common component, is shown to be mathematically inconsequential in the sense that the unified commonality problem for two products can be reduced to an equivalent substitution flexibility problem without those dedicated components. This significant simplification provides the first general, closed-form condition for commonality adoption and identifies its value drivers. Commonality is optimal even for perfectly correlated demands if products have sufficiently different margins. This introduces the "revenue-maximization option" of commonality as a second benefit that is independent of the traditional risk-pooling benefit. "Pure commonality" strategies are never optimal unless complexity costs are introduced. Dual sourcing, externalities, and operational hedging features of commonality are discussed.