The Norwegian banks in the Nordic consortia: a case of international strategic alliances in banking
研究了1964年至1980年代初北欧银行组成的国际战略联盟，以挪威银行为例，发现国内对手不合作而国际对手合作，法律禁止外资进入支撑了合作，放松管制和国内并购导致联盟瓦解。
Despite the scholarly interest in joint ventures and strategic alliances, the consortium bank movement represents and under-researched phase in postwar banking history. From 1964 to the early 1980s, many of the largest banks in the world, including the Nordic banks, entered into international strategic alliances. Almost all of these alliances are now defunct and thus we are looking at the growth and demise of an organizational form. We follow the Norwegian banks in the Nordic consortia and find that domestic rivals do not cooperate but international rivals do. Legal prohibitions in the Nordic countries on entry by foreign banks underpinned the cooperation. The cooperation broke down when, as a result of deregulation, the Nordic banks could establish operations in each other's domestic markets and when domestic mergers disrupted existing international alliances.