Beyond GDP? Welfare across Countries and Time
提出一个包含消费、休闲、死亡率和不平等的经济福利综合指标，发现福利与人均GDP高度相关但常有较大偏差，死亡率是解释差异的最重要因素。
We propose a summary statistic for the economic well-being of people in a country. Our measure incorporates consumption, leisure, mortality, and inequality, first for a narrow set of countries using detailed micro data, and then more broadly using multi-country datasets. While welfare is highly correlated with GDP per capita, deviations are often large. Western Europe looks considerably closer to the United States, emerging Asia has not caught up as much, and many developing countries are further behind. Each component we introduce plays a significant role in accounting for these differences, with mortality being most important.