Whither the World Bank and the IMF
评估了国际货币基金组织和世界银行未来的可能方向和角色，回顾了它们在布雷顿森林体系中的初始设想和演变，并探讨了它们在应对贫困国家收支困难、中等收入国家金融危机以及发展软问题上的作用。
This article assesses the possible future directions and roles of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. It first reviews their initially envisaged roles at Bretton Woods, and their evolution, concluding that both institutions played valuable roles earlier on. But for both institutions, the world has changed, and the questions as to their future are important. For the IMF, those questions center on its role in providing finance for poor developing countries in balance of payments difficulties and on its role for middle income countries in managing financial crises. For the World Bank, the question is whether it can and should gradually phase out lending for most middle income countries except in times of drastic policy reforms and focus on low-income countries, or whether it should address the soft issues of development.