The Behavioralist Goes to School: Leveraging Behavioral Economics to Improve Educational Performance
研究发现在低风险测试中，即时奖励能显著提高学生成绩，损失框架比收益框架更有效，非金钱激励对低年级学生成本效益更高，但延迟发放奖励会完全失效。
We explore the power of behavioral economics to influence the level of effort exerted by students in a low stakes testing environment. We find a substantial impact on test scores from incentives when the rewards are delivered immediately. There is suggestive evidence that rewards framed as losses outperform those framed as gains. Nonfinancial incentives can be considerably more cost-effective than financial incentives for younger students, but are less effective with older students. All motivating power of incentives vanishes when rewards are handed out with a delay. Our results suggest that the current set of incentives may lead to underinvestment.