Gender and Racial Discrimination in Pay and Promotion for NHS Nurses
基于1994年调查数据，使用有序Probit模型分析英国NHS护士晋升过程，发现性别和种族群体在晋升速度上存在显著差异，进而导致职业生涯收入差距。
For many years the NHS has been subject to allegations that gender and racial discrimination are a feature of the internal labour market for qualifiednurses. This paper examines this issue with regard to the promotion process using 1994 survey data. We start by rejecting the assumption of covariate exogeneity inherent in the ordered probit model. A full simultaneous modelis then developed which has important consequences for estimates of the influence of gender, ethnicity, training and career interruptions. We findevidence of significant differences in speed of promotion between gender and ethnic groups, which imply large differences in career earnings.