Do Americans consume too little natural gas? An empirical test of marginal cost pricing
测量了1991-2007年美国天然气分销市场中价格超出边际成本的程度，发现所有50个州都存在大幅偏离，居民和商业用户面临超过40%的平均加价，导致每年数亿美元的福利损失。
This article measures the extent to which prices exceed marginal costs in the U.S. natural gas distribution market during the period 1991–2007. We find large departures from marginal cost pricing in all 50 states, with residential and commercial customers facing average markups of over 40%. Based on conservative estimates of the price elasticity of demand, these distortions impose hundreds of millions of dollars of annual welfare loss. Moreover, current price schedules are an important preexisting distortion which should be taken into account when evaluating carbon taxes and other policies aimed at addressing external costs.