Technological and organizational designs for realizing economies of substitution
提出通过设计具有替代经济性的技术系统并采用网络治理模式，来应对产品生命周期缩短和技术系统化带来的挑战，并分析了网络模式在三个层面的合作与竞争张力对产业动态的影响。
Today's industrial landscape is characterized by rapid change and systemic technologies. Rapid change results in ever shorter product life cycles that demand continual innovation from firms. The systemic nature of technologies makes it difficult, if not impossible, for any one firm to manufacture all components of a technological system. We propose that these challenges be met by designing technological systems that have the potential to yield economies of substitution. Additionally, we propose that these economies be realized by adopting the network mode of governance. We examine the network mode at three levels—intrafirm, interfirm, and institutional—to illuminate the inherent tension between cooperation and competition at each level, and to explore the implications of this tension for industrial dynamics.