Household Choices of Child Labor and Schooling: A Simple Model with Application to Brazil
通过巴西咖啡生产冲击区分收入效应和替代效应，发现家庭财富增加会减少童工并提高上学率，但当地经济活动的暂时增加反而导致童工增加和上学减少，尤其对贫困家庭儿童影响更大。
This paper argues that conflicting results from previous literature—related to the effect of economic conditions on child labor—derive from different income and substitution effects implicit in different types of income variation. We use agricultural shocks to local economic activity in Brazil (coffee production) to distinguish between increases in household income and increases in the opportunity cost of time. Results show that higher household wealth is associated with lower child labor and higher schooling. Nevertheless, temporary increases in local economic activity are associated with higher child labor and lower schooling, particularly for children with poor economic backgrounds.