Intra-Industry Trade, Multilateral Trade Integration, and Invasive Species Risk
分析在产业内贸易和多边贸易整合背景下，贸易保护主义如何影响入侵物种危害，发现多边贸易整合比单边开放更可能增加危害，因为国内生产随出口市场扩大而增加。
We analyze the linkage between protectionism and invasive species (IS) hazard in the context of two-way trade and multilateral trade integration, two major features of real-world agricultural trade. Multilateral integration includes the joint reduction of tariffs and trade costs among trading partners. Multilateral trade integration is more likely to increase damages from IS than predicted by unilateral trade opening under the classic Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson (HOS) framework because domestic production (the base susceptible to damages) is likely to increase with expanding export markets. A country integrating its trade with a partner characterized by relatively higher tariff and trade costs is also more likely to experience increased IS damages via expanded domestic production for the same reason. We illustrate our analytical results with a stylized model of the world wheat market.