Pay by Design: Teacher Performance Pay Design and the Distribution of Student Achievement
在中国西部216所学校进行随机试验，比较三种教师绩效薪酬方案，发现基于百分位的激励方案优于班级平均分或平均进步方案，且能带来学生成绩的广泛提升。
We present results of a randomized trial testing alternative approaches of mapping student achievement into rewards for teachers. Teachers in 216 schools in western China were assigned to performance pay schemes where teacher performance was assessed by one of three different methods. We find that teachers offered “pay-for-percentile” incentives outperform teachers offered simpler schemes based on class-average achievement or average gains over a school year. Moreover, pay-for-percentile incentives produced broad-based gains across students within classes. That teachers respond to relatively intricate features of incentive schemes highlights the importance of paying close attention to performance pay design.