Chandler in a Larger Frame: Markets, Transaction Costs, and Organizational Form in History
本文回顾钱德勒的《看得见的手》中关于大型垂直整合企业兴起的论述，指出这种组织形式在20世纪末面临去中心化市场型组织的挑战，并重新审视其历史地位。
In 1977, when Alfred D. Chandler's pathbreaking book The Visible Hand appeared, the large, vertically integrated, “Chandlerian” corporation had dominated the organizational landscape for nearly a century. In some interpretations, possibly including Chandler's own, The Visible Hand and subsequent works constitute a triumphalist account of the rise of that organizational form: the large, vertically integrated firm arose and prospered because of its inherent superiority, in all times and places, to more decentralized, market-oriented production arrangements. A quarter century later, however, the Chandlerian firm no longer dominates the landscape. It is under siege from a panoply of decentralized and market-like forms that often resemble some of the “inferior” nineteenth-century structures that the managerial enterprise had replaced.