A Few Bad Apples? Racial Bias in Policing
利用佛罗里达州高速公路巡警数据，通过聚束估计设计，发现少数族裔司机超速罚单折扣少于白人，42%的警察存在歧视行为，重新分配警员可减少总体待遇差异。
We estimate the degree to which individual police officers practice racial discrimination. Using a bunching estimation design and data from the Florida Highway Patrol, we show that minorities are less likely to receive a discount on their speeding tickets than White drivers. Disaggregating this difference to the individual police officer, we estimate that 42 percent of officers practice discrimination. We then apply our officer- level discrimination measures to various policy-relevant questions in the literature. In particular, reassigning officers across locations based on their lenience can effectively reduce the aggregate disparity in treatment