How Do Value Creation and Competition Determine Whether a Firm Appropriates Value?
构建了一个正式的一般框架，分析经济主体间的竞争如何决定各自能获取的价值，并给出了价值获取的充要条件。该框架用于评估独特性、不可模仿性和竞争与价值获取的关系，以及创新者面对多个竞争者时的价值获取可能性。
How does competition among economic actors determine the value that each is able to appropriate? We provide a formal, general framework within which this question can be posed and answered, and then provide several results. Chief among them is a condition that is both required for, and guarantees, value appropriation. We apply our methodology to (i) assess the familiar notion that uniqueness, inimitability, and competition imply value appropriation, and (ii) determine the value appropriation possibilities for an innovator whose unique discovery is of use to several others who can compete for the right to use it.