Colonial Institutions, Trade Shocks, and the Diffusion of Elementary Education in Brazil, 1889–1930
研究了1889-1930年间巴西各州公立教育的初始扩张，发现出口大宗商品繁荣的州因出口税收增加而能投入更多教育经费，但殖民时期奴隶制或棉花种植历史削弱了这一正面效应。
We study the initial expansion of public schooling across Brazilian states (1889–1930) and develop an alternative explanation of how colonial institutions may affect the provision of public goods in the long run. We find that states that exported commodities undergoing international booms, between 1889 and 1930, had significantly larger export tax revenues and could spend more on education, while other states lagged behind. Yet, such positive effect of commodity booms on education expenditures was muted in states that either had more slaves before abolition or cultivated cotton during colonial times.