Measuring the negative externalities of a private leisure activity: hooligans and pickpockets around the stadium
利用巴塞罗那足球俱乐部主场比赛数据和犯罪地理编码数据，通过空间分析发现比赛日体育场周边700米内盗窃和袭击显著增加，证实了足球比赛带来的犯罪负外部性。
Given the recent increase observed in crime related to football matches, we determine the extent to which this private leisure activity is responsible for negative crime externalities. We conduct an Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis and spatial regressions at the census tract level drawing on data for the matches played by Football Club Barcelona and geocoded crime data for the city of Barcelona (Spain); focusing on thefts (mainly pick pocketing) and assaults (interpersonal violence or hooliganism). We find an increase in the number of thefts across the whole city but, especially, in those census tracts within a 700-m radius of the stadium. These results are confirmed by the low number of crimes committed during away matches in the census tracts around the stadium. A similar spatial pattern is found for assaults. Our results provide evidence of a displacement effect of violent supporters (hooligans) towards the stadium on football days.