Of Cities and Slums
研究了巴西城市贫民窟的形成与持续，发现贫民窟对低教育家庭是代际跳板，对高教育家庭是障碍；改善农村学校可大幅预防贫民窟形成。
We study the emergence and persistence of urban slums in Brazil. Using data on labor markets, housing costs, and access to education, we construct a quantitative model to explore the impact of slums on the country s human capital and structural transformation. Urban slums emerge and persist due to their dual roles as intergenerational stepping stones for low-educated households and as blockades for higher-educated ones. Providing slum children access to schools in formal urban areas would have led to larger but shorter-lived slums. Improved rural schools, if available earlier during urbanization, would have vastly prevented the formation of urban slums.