The Marshall Plan: Economic Effects and Implications for Eastern Europe and the Former USSR
重新评估马歇尔计划对欧洲战后恢复的作用，发现其关键并非投资或进口，而是通过稳定金融和自由化生产价格解决市场危机，对东欧和前苏联的援助有启示。
The Marshall Plan Barry Eichengreen and Marc Uzan Europe's post-World War II experience with the Marshall Plan is frequently invoked by advocates of Western aid for Eastern Europe and the former USSR. Yet previous analyses of the Marshall Plan are uniformly sceptical that it had important economic effects. This paper finds, in contrast, that the Marshall Plan contributed importantly to Europe's recovery from World War II. Strikingly, however, the obvious channels through which the Marshall Plan could have affected recovery – stimulating investment, augmenting imports, and financing infra-structure repair – were relatively unimportant. Rather, post-war Europe was suffering a marketing crisis, in which political instability, shortages of consumer goods and fears of financial chaos led producers to hoard commodities and workers to limit effort. The Marshall Plan solved this marketing crisis by facilitating the restoration of financial stability and the liberalization of production and prices; this was its crucial role. These conclusions have obvious implications for Western aid to Eastern Europe and the successor states of the former USSR.