Fairness and Retaliation: The Economics of Reciprocity
研究互惠对经济领域的影响，发现它有助于合同执行和集体行动，但可能使显性激励失效，并限制不完全合同市场中的竞争，导致非竞争性工资差异。
This paper shows that reciprocity has powerful implications for many economic domains. It is an important determinant in the enforcement of contracts and social norms and enhances the possibilities of collective action greatly. Reciprocity may render the provision of explicit incentive inefficient because the incentives may crowd out voluntary co-operation. It strongly limits the effects of competition in markets with incomplete contracts and gives rise to noncompetitive wage differences. Finally, reciprocity it is also a strong force contributing to the existence of incomplete contracts.