The mortgage meltdown as normal accidental wrongdoing
挑战了将抵押贷款危机归咎于贪婪和欺诈的主流观点，通过正常事故理论分析指出，行业复杂且紧密耦合的技术才是主因，并警示单纯加强监管可能适得其反。
greed and fraudulent behavior of mortgage industry participants. Our analysis suggests that the mortgage industry's complex and tightly coupled technology made it vulnerable to failure and that the greed and fraudulent behavior of mortgage industry participants, however reprehensible, played a minor role in the meltdown. The dominant discourse on the mortgage meltdown also attributes the meltdown to insufficient regulatory control. Our normal accident analysis also suggests that insufficient regulatory oversight contributed to the debacle. But our analysis implies that simply increasing the amount of regulation over the mortgage industry is unlikely to reduce its susceptibil ity to failure in the future. Indeed, if additional regulation increases the system's complexity and coupling, it could increase the system's susceptibility to failure.