The Anatomy of French Production Hierarchies
研究了法国制造业企业的内部组织，通过职业类别将员工分为层级，发现层级增减与增加值相关，企业扩张时添加层级并降低现有层级平均工资，而不重组的企业则提高平均工资。
We study the internal organization of French manufacturing firms. We divide the employees of each firm into "layers" using occupational categories. Layers are hierarchical in that the typical worker in a higher layer earns more, and the typical firm occupies less of them. The probability of adding/dropping a layer is positively/negatively correlated with value added. Reorganization, through changes in layers, is essential to understanding how firms grow. Firms that expand substantially add layers and pay lower average wages in all preexisting layers. In contrast, firms that expand little and do not reorganize pay higher average wages in all preexisting layers.