The Emergence, Persistence, and Recent Widening of the Racial Unemployment Gap
利用1880-1990年人口普查数据，分解黑人与白人失业率差距的变化，发现1940-50年代的扩大主要源于工人区域转移和需求下降，而1970年后教育改善被不利需求变化抵消。
Census data show that the ratio of black to white unemployment rates, currently in excess of 2:1, was small or non-existent before 1940, widened dramatically during the 1940s and 1950s, and widened again in the 1980s. The authors decompose changes in the unemployment gap over the years 1880-1990 to identify the separate contributions of changes in observable worker characteristics and shifts in labor demand. Nearly all of the widening of the gap during the 1940s and 1950s can be attributed to regional shifts of workers and declining demand in markets where black workers were concentrated. After 1970, improvements in the relative educational status of black workers would have narrowed the unemployment gap slightly, but demand shifts adverse to black workers more than canceled out these gains.