Speculators and Middlemen: The Strategy and Performance of Investors in the Housing Market
利用1988至2012年洛杉矶地区数据，识别出两类个人投资者：中间商低价买入高价卖出改善流动性，投机者主要在繁荣期按市价交易，两者均未预见市场崩盘。
Abstract Using data from the Los Angeles area from 1988 to 2012, we study the behavior and sources of returns of individual investors in the housing market. We document the existence of two distinct investor types. The first act as middlemen, purchasing substantially below and reselling above market prices throughout the cycle, improving liquidity and the existing capital stock in the process. The second act as speculators, who primarily enter during the boom, buying and selling at essentially market prices. Neither type anticipated the housing bust. We document similar behavior by speculators and middlemen in 96 other U.S. metro areas.