Pronatal Property Rights over Land and Fertility Outcomes: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Ethiopia
利用埃塞俄比亚土地改革这一外生政策变化，采用双重差分法分析1994年和2007年人口普查数据，发现改革使农村妇女终身生育数减少约一个孩子，对城市妇女无显著影响。
An exogenous policy change that ended the ability of rural Ethiopian households to affect the size or security of their land holdings through fertility decisions provides a natural experiment to explore the impact of land tenure institutions on fertility. Use of a difference-in-differences approach that uses aggregated data from censuses before (1994) and after (2007) the reform found large fertility effects, with rural women estimated to have reduced life-time fertility by one child due to the reform. Estimated effects on urban women or employment outcomes are not significantly different from zero and robustness checks show no evidence of spillovers or policy endogeneity.