The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation
利用欧洲殖民者在不同地区的死亡率差异作为工具变量，估计制度对人均收入的巨大影响，发现控制制度后非洲或赤道附近国家收入并不更低。
We exploit differences in European mortality rates to estimate the effect of institutions on economic performance. Europeans adopted very different colonization policies in different colonies, with different associated institutions. In places where Europeans faced high mortality rates, they could not settle and were more likely to set up extractive institutions. These institutions persisted to the present. Exploiting differences in European mortality rates as an instrument for current institutions, we estimate large effects of institutions on income per capita. Once the effect of institutions is controlled for, countries in Africa or those closer to the equator do not have lower incomes.