The spatial organization of multinational firms
利用欧盟224个地区六年的企业数据，研究发现企业倾向于将新投资靠近已有投资，但距离影响因投资类型（生产或服务）而异，且跨境靠近生产投资有意外正面效应。
Abstract Using six years of firm‐level data covering 224 regions of the enlarged European Union, we evaluate the importance to a firm of locating its activities (production, headquarters, R&D, logistics and sales) close together. We find that, after controlling for regional characteristics, being closely located to a previous investment positively affects firm location choice. However, the impact of distance is dependent on the type of investment (production or service). The impact dies out faster for service activities. Finally, we show that a surprisingly positive effect comes from locating a new production plant close to an existing production investment, but in another country.