The Effects of 9/11 on Attitudes toward Immigration and the Moderating Role of Education
利用德国社会经济面板数据，发现9/11事件导致德国人对移民态度急剧负面化（约40%的标准差变化），并降低了对仇外敌意的担忧，教育水平可缓解这一冲击。
Summary The 9/11 terror attacks are likely to have induced an increase in anti‐immigrant and anti‐foreigner sentiments, not only among US residents but also beyond US borders. Using unique longitudinal data from the German Socio‐Economic Panel and exploiting exogenous variation in interview timing throughout 2001, I find that the 9/11 events caused an immediate shift of around 40 percent of one within‐standard deviation to more negative attitudes toward immigration and resulted in a considerable decrease in concerns over xenophobic hostility among the German population. The quasi‐experiment 9/11 provides evidence on the relevance of non‐economic factors in attitude formation and the role of education in moderating the negative terrorism shock. Additional descriptive analysis suggests that the effects have also been persistent in the years after the attacks.