Household Income as a Determinant of Child Labor and School Enrollment in Brazil: Evidence from a Social Security Reform
利用巴西社会保障改革作为家庭收入的外生变化来源，研究发现福利增加提高了女孩的入学率并略微减少了她们的劳动参与，但对男孩无显著影响，且福利领取者的性别对女孩的劳动变量有重要作用。
This article studies the effects of household income on labor participation and school enrollment of children aged 10–14 in Brazil using a social security reform as a source of exogenous variation in household income. I find that increased benefits are associated with increases in school enrollment for girls, as well as a smaller reduction in their labor participation, but I find no effects for boys. I also uncover evidence that the gender of the benefit receiver matters for girls’ labor variables: only benefits received by females reduce girls’ work.