Can Words Get in the Way? The Effect of Deliberation in Collective Decision Making
研究了美国上诉法院中法官商议对决策质量的影响，发现当法官事前分歧大或私人信息不精确时商议有益，否则降低法院效率。
We quantify the effect of deliberation on the decisions of US appellate courts. We estimate a model in which strategic judges communicate before casting their votes and then compare the probability of mistakes in the court with deliberation with a counterfactual of no communication. The model has multiple equilibria, and preferences and information parameters are only partially identified. We find that there is a range of parameters in the identified set—when judges tend to disagree ex ante or their private information is imprecise—in which deliberation can be beneficial; otherwise, deliberation reduces the effectiveness of the court.