Asymmetric Effects of Informed Trading on the Cost of Equity Capital
将知情交易概率分解为好、坏消息成分，发现坏消息成分显著提高股权资本成本，而好消息成分影响不显著，揭示了信息不对称定价的非对称性。
We decompose PIN, the probability of informed trading, into good-news (PIN_G) and bad-news (PIN_B) components, which we estimate at a quarterly frequency. We first assess the validity of PIN as a measure of informed trading by calculating its association with measures of the adverse-selection component of the cost of trading. We then provide new evidence that PIN_G and PIN_B capture informed trading around earnings announcements by showing that they predict positive and negative earnings surprises, respectively. Conjecturing that investors who take long positions will be more concerned about informed selling than about informed buying since the former depresses the sale price whereas the latter raises it, we then investigate asymmetry in the pricing of private information. We find strong evidence of such asymmetry in that the effect of PIN_B on the cost of equity capital is large and highly significant, whereas the effect of PIN_G is small and statistically insignificant. Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2015.2250 . This paper was accepted by Neng Wang, finance.