The Persistent Effects of Peru's MiningMita
利用断点回归发现，秘鲁和玻利维亚1573-1812年间的强制采矿劳役制度（米塔）使受影响地区家庭消费降低约25%，儿童发育迟缓率增加约6个百分点，并通过土地所有权和公共品供给渠道持续影响至今。
This study utilizes regression discontinuity to examine the long-run impacts of the mita, an extensive forced mining labor system in effect in Peru and Bolivia between 1573 and 1812. Results indicate that a mita effect lowers household consumption by around 25% and increases the prevalence of stunted growth in children by around 6 percentage points in subjected districts today. Using data from the Spanish Empire and Peruvian Republic to trace channels of institutional persistence, I show that the mita's influence has persisted through its impacts on land tenure and public goods provision. Mita districts historically had fewer large landowners and lower educational attainment. Today, they are less integrated into road networks and their residents are substantially more likely to be subsistence farmers.