The Long-Term Economic Impact of In Utero and Postnatal Exposure to Malaria
利用美国历史数据，研究发现子宫内和产后疟疾暴露会显著降低个人教育水平并增加贫困风险，对政策制定者和经济学家有参考价值。
I use an instrumental-variables identification strategy and historical data from the United States to estimate the long-term economic impact of in utero and postnatal exposure to malaria. My research design matches adults in the 1960 Decennial Census to the malaria death rate in their respective state and year of birth. To address potential omitted-variables bias and measurement-error bias, I use variation in "malaria-ideal" temperatures to instrument for malaria exposure. My estimates indicate that in utero and postnatal exposure to malaria led to considerably lower levels of educational attainment and higher rates of poverty later in life.