The Glass Ceiling Puzzle, Legal Institutions, and the Shadow Economy
研究了45个国家中女性在高级管理层占比的差异，发现发展中国家女性占比高于所谓“自由西方民主国家”，且歧视越严重的国家女性占比越高，并从法律制度薄弱和影子经济规模大两个角度给出了经济解释。
Scholarly studies in economics, sociology, psychology, and management emphasize the low number of women in management as one of the main indicators of gender discrimination in the labor market. This study investigates the differences in the percentage of women in senior management across forty-five countries. The results of the regression analysis show that women are more represented in senior management in developing countries than in so-called “liberal Western democracies.” Women also participate more in senior management in countries in which prejudice and discrimination against women are greater. The study presents empirical evidence for two economic explanations for these puzzling results: the weak functioning of the legal system and the large size of the shadow economy.