A meta-analysis of the willingness to pay for reductions in pesticide risk exposure
通过元分析研究减少农药风险暴露的支付意愿，发现中高风险水平的支付意愿比低风险高15%和80%，收入弹性不显著，陈述偏好方法（选择实验和揭示偏好）的估值低于条件价值评估法。
We review the empirical valuation literature on pesticide risk exposure and develop a taxonomy of environmental and human health risks associated with pesticide usage. Meta-analysis is then used to investigate the variation in willingness to pay (WTP) estimates for reduced pesticide risk exposure. Our findings show that the WTP for reduced risk exposure is 15 per cent greater for medium, and 80 per cent greater for high risk levels, as compared with low risk levels. The income elasticity of reduced pesticide risk exposure is generally not significantly different from zero. Stated preference approaches based on choice experiments and revealed preference provide lower WTP estimates than contingent valuation techniques. Survey design, type of safety device (eco-labelling, integrated pest management, or bans) and chosen payment vehicle are important drivers of the valuation results. © Oxford University Press and Foundation for the European Review of Agricultural Economics 2005; all rights reserved.