The Small-Sample Bias of the Gini Coefficient: Results and Implications for Empirical Research
发现基尼系数在估计小群体不平等时存在向下偏差，这种偏差影响子样本间不平等比较和少数企业市场集中度测量，并提出了调整方法。
The Gini coefficient is a downward-biased measure of inequality in small populations when income is generated by one of three common distributions. The paper discusses the sources of bias and argues that this property is far more general. This has implications for (i) the comparison of inequality among subsamples, some of which may be small, and (ii) the use of the Gini in measuring firm size inequality in markets with a small number of firms. The small-sample bias has often led to misperceptions about trends in industry concentration. A small-sample adjustment results in a reduced bias, which can no longer be signed. This remaining bias rises with the dispersion and falls with increasing skewness of the distribution. Finally, an empirical example illustrates the importance of using the adjusted Gini. In this example it is shown that, controlling for market characteristics, larger shipping cartels include a set of firms that is stochastically identical (in terms of relative size) to those of smaller shipping cartels. © 2003 President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.