Manure Applications and Nutrient Standards
提出一个概念模型，描述不同监管标准下作物养分施用对粪肥的需求，并纳入空间均衡模型估算磷和氮监管标准的福利成本。弗吉尼亚州的模型估计显示，监管标准可大幅减少过量氮磷，但导致5-15%的福利损失（不包括非市场环境价值）。
Because of environmental concerns, many states are regulating animal manure applications to crops. A conceptual model is presented to describe manure demand for crop nutrient application under alternative regulatory standards. Demand relationships are incorporated into a spatial equilibrium model to estimate welfare costs of phosphorus and nitrogen regulatory standards for manure applications. Model estimates for Virginia indicate that regulatory standards for manure application achieve large reductions in excess nitrogen and phosphorus and result in 5‐15% welfare losses excluding nonmarket environmental valuation.