Biological Gender Differences, Absenteeism, and the Earnings Gap
研究发现45岁以下女性缺勤存在28天周期，表明月经周期增加缺勤；缺勤对男性收入负面影响更大，且随资历增加差异缩小，该周期导致的缺勤解释了至少14%的性别收入差距。
In most countries, women are absent from work more frequently than men. Using personnel data, we find that the absences of women below the age of 45 follow a 28-day cycle, while the absences of men and of women over the age of 45 do not. We interpret this as evidence that the menstrual cycle increases female absenteeism. To investigate the effect on women's earnings, we use a simple model of statistical discrimination. Consistent with the model, we find absenteeism has a more negative effect on men's earnings and this difference declines with seniority. The increased absenteeism induced by the 28-day cycle explains at least 14 percent of the earnings gender differential.