Factor Immobility and Regional Impacts of Trade Liberalization: Evidence on Poverty from India
利用1991年印度贸易自由化，研究发现农村地区因生产部门更受自由化冲击，贫困减少和消费增长更慢，且影响在流动性最低的底层群体和劳动法僵化的邦更显著。
This paper uses the 1991 Indian trade liberalization to measure the impact of trade liberalization on poverty, and to examine the mechanisms underpinning this impact. Variation in sectoral composition across districts and liberalization intensity across production sectors allows a difference-in-difference approach. Rural districts, in which production sectors more exposed to liberalization were concentrated, experienced slower decline in poverty and lower consumption growth. The impact of liberalization was most pronounced among the least geographically mobile at the bottom of the income distribution, and in Indian states where inflexible labor laws impeded factor reallocation across sectors.