Can you get what you pay for? Pay-for-performance and the quality of healthcare providers
研究利用大型网络健康维护组织（HMO）中医生医疗小组的公开绩效报告数据，比较按绩效付费（P4P）实施前后与对照组在临床质量上的差异，未发现P4P显著改善质量或造成护理中断的证据。
Despite the popularity of pay-for-performance (P4P) among health policymakers and private insurers as a tool for improving quality of care, there is little empirical basis for its effectiveness. We use data from published performance reports of physician medical groups contracting with a large network HMO to compare clinical quality before and after the implementation of P4P, relative to a control group. We consider the effect of P4P on both rewarded and unrewarded dimensions of quality. In the end, we fail to find evidence that a large P4P initiative either resulted in major improvement in quality or notable disruption in care.