Habits of Virtue: Creating Norms of Cooperation and Defection in the Laboratory
通过实验研究不同制度环境如何塑造合作规范，发现支持合作的制度能增强个体的亲社会性、惩罚自私和信任倾向，且这种溢出效应在依赖直觉的个体中更显著。
What explains variability in norms of cooperation across organizations and cultures? One answer comes from the tendency of individuals to internalize typically successful behaviors as norms. Different institutional structures can cause different behavioral norms to be internalized. These norms are then carried over into atypical situations beyond the reach of the institution. Here, we experimentally demonstrate such spillovers. First, we immerse subjects in environments that do or do not support cooperation using repeated prisoner’s dilemmas. Afterwards, we measure their intrinsic prosociality in one-shot games. Subjects from environments that support cooperation are more prosocial, more likely to punish selfishness, and more trusting in general. Furthermore, these effects are most pronounced among subjects who use heuristics, suggesting that intuitive processes play a key role in the spillovers we observe. Our findings help to explain variation in one-shot anonymous cooperation, linking this intrinsically motivated prosociality to the externally imposed institutional rules experienced in other settings. Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2015.2168 . This paper was accepted by Uri Gneezy, behavioral economics.