Measuring the Upstreamness of Production and Trade Flows
提出了两种衡量产业上游度（即与最终使用的平均距离）的方法，证明它们等价，并利用2002年美国投入产出表等数据构建了426个产业的上游度指标，最后用该指标分析了国家层面出口上游度的决定因素。
We propose two distinct approaches to the measurement of industry upstreamness (or average distance from final use) and show that they yield an equivalent measure. Furthermore, we provide two additional interpretations of this measure, one of them related to the concept of forward linkages. We construct this measure for 426 industries using the 2002 US input-output Tables. We also construct our measure using data from selected countries in the OECD STAN database. Finally, we present an application of our measure that explores the determinants of the average upstreamness of exports at the country level using trade flows for 2002.