How Does Enforcement Deter Gray Market Incidence?
研究执法对灰色市场行为的威慑效果，发现单独提高执法严厉程度无效，需结合执法的确定性和速度才能产生威慑。
Gray market activity has become increasingly prevalent. The prevailing wisdom in marketing is to use more severe enforcement to deter gray marketing. However, the certainty and speed of enforcement may also have a bearing on the incidence of violations. This article examines whether and how enforcement deters gray marketing. The results from a field survey of manufacturers and an experimental design suggest that, by itself, enforcement severity has no impact. Deterrence results only when the multiple facets of enforcement are used in combination.