Entrepreneurship: Productive, Unproductive, and Destructive
提出，社会创业活动的生产性贡献主要取决于其配置方向（如创新 vs. 寻租），而非创业者的总供给，并用古罗马、中国和欧洲中世纪等历史证据支持这一观点。
The basic hypothesis is that, while the total supply of entrepreneurs varies among societies, the productive contribution of the society's entrepreneurial activities varies much more because of their allocation between productive activities, such as innovation, and largely unproductive activities, such as rent seeking or organized crime. This allocation is heavily influenced by the relative payoffs society offers to such activities. This implies that policy can influence the allocation of entrepreneurship more effectively than it can influence its supply. Historical evidence from ancient Rome, early China, and the Middle Ages and Renaissance in Europe is used to investigate the hypotheses. Copyright 1990 by University of Chicago Press.