Gender Integration of Occupations in the Federal Civil Service: Extent and Effects on Male-Female Earnings
利用美国人事管理办公室数据，研究发现1976至1992年间联邦公务员职业的性别融合比整体经济更快更稳定，女性进入传统男性职业有助于缩小男女收入差距，且这一进展很少归因于教育或资历变化。
Using the U.S. Office of Personnel Management's Central Personnel Data File, the author shows that gender integration of occupations proceeded from 1976 through 1992 more rapidly and steadily in the federal civil service than in the general economy. During that period, increasing numbers of women moved into traditionally male occupations, especially in professional and administrative work. Little of that progress, the author finds, was attributable to changes in women's education or seniority. Although average grades (indicating levels of responsibility) in male-dominated occupations declined as women entered them, gender integration of occupations helped to narrow male-female pay disparities in the federal service more than in the general economy.