Bias‐Corrected Estimates of GED Returns
利用三组数据，校正了美国当前人口调查中的分配偏差和能力偏差后，发现GED证书对高中辍学者（包括本土和移民）没有直接经济回报。
Using three sources of data, this article examines the direct economic return to General Educational Development (GED) certification for both native and immigrant high school dropouts. One data source—the Current Population Survey (CPS)—is plagued by nonresponse and allocation bias from the hot deck procedure that biases the estimated return to the GED upward. Correcting for allocation bias and ability bias, there is no direct economic return to GED certification. An apparent return to GED certification with age found in the raw CPS data is due to dropouts becoming more skilled over time. These results apply to both native-born and immigrant populations.